pe
pep-10308 v1 CC-BY-SA-4.0

Gut-fullness receptor research peptide (YFHRWDF)

A synthetic 7-amino-acid compound that latches onto the receptor the gut hormone CCK uses to signal fullness and trigger digestion; used only as a lab research tool.

statusbioassayed targetCCKAR length7 aa refs1
status 5 / 5
prediction metrics boltz-2 1.0
ipTM0.972
pTM0.833
avg pLDDT75.7
ranking score0.800
STRUCTURE · PEP-10308 × CCKAR
ranking0.800
target interface 4.5Å peptide drag rotate · ctrl+scroll zoom · right-click pan
boltz-2 1.0 · mmCIF ↓ download
sequence7 aa
157
YFHRWDF
overview readme

What this is

This is a seven-amino-acid synthetic peptide (sequence YFHRWDF) designed as a ligand for the CCK-1 receptor (CCKAR), the gut-and-brain receptor through which the natural hormone cholecystokinin signals satiety, gallbladder contraction, and pancreatic enzyme release. It is not a hormone people take — it is a research compound, catalogued in ChEMBL as CHEMBL1172429, that came out of a medicinal-chemistry program at the University of Arizona exploring multi-target ligands for pain (Lee et al., 2010). In binding assays at CCKAR, it shows an IC50 of 1.585 nM, placing it in the low-nanomolar range typical of well-engineered receptor ligands.

History

The peptide was reported as part of a 2010 paper by Lee and colleagues in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters titled "Design and synthesis of trivalent ligands targeting opioid, cholecystokinin, and melanocortin receptors for the treatment of pain." The work belongs to a long-running effort at Victor Hruby's Arizona group to build single molecules that engage several receptors implicated in pain processing simultaneously, on the rationale that opioid analgesia paired with concurrent activity at non-opioid pain pathways (including CCK, which functions in part as an anti-opioid system) might separate analgesia from opioid tolerance and tachyphylaxis. The YFHRWDF 7-mer is one component within that trivalent design — the fragment intended to address the CCK arm.

What it does

In a cell-free competitive binding assay against CCKAR, the peptide displaces a reference radioligand with an IC50 of 1.585 nM (CHEMBL1172429). That number tells you it binds the receptor tightly; it does not tell you whether it activates the receptor, blocks it, or biases downstream signaling — those functional questions are not resolved by a binding IC50 alone and are not addressed in the dossier for this entry. CCKAR itself is the Gq-coupled receptor that natural CCK uses to drive meal-ending satiety via vagal afferents, gallbladder smooth-muscle contraction, and pancreatic acinar enzyme secretion; any compound binding CCKAR with low-nanomolar affinity is a candidate tool for probing those pathways, but the published context for this specific peptide is pain pharmacology, not metabolic or digestive physiology.

Evidence

  • Human: No human studies. This is a preclinical research compound.
  • Animal: Not reported in the dossier for this specific 7-mer fragment.
  • In vitro: One reported measurement — CCKAR binding IC50 = 1.585 nM (ChEMBL CHEMBL1172429, from Lee et al. 2010).

Related peptides

The peptide's parent context is endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptor-active C-terminal octapeptide CCK-8, both of which act at CCKAR. The Lee 2010 trivalent-ligand program also included opioid- and melanocortin-receptor-targeted fragments designed to be linked into a single multi-target molecule.

Hypotheses6 directions▾ collapse

Research directions for this peptide, selected from the current sources — hypotheses you can explore and model. None of it is proven yet; tap any one to see the full thinking.

openupdated 2026-06-05

Does this small peptide latch onto the satiety receptor at a different spot than the body's own fullness signal?

If true, it could lead to appetite-suppressing drugs that trigger the 'full' signal without also squeezing the gallbladder or flooding the gut with digestive enzymes, making them safer and better tolerated.

The hypothesis
YFHRWDF engages CCKAR with low-nanomolar affinity (IC50 1.585 nM) through a binding mode that differs from full-length CCK-8, because a 7-residue fragment lacking the canonical sulfated tyrosine of native CCK can still displace reference radioligand, suggesting it occupies a distinct subsite or adopts an alternative contact geometry at the receptor.
Why it’s plausible
Native CCK-8 requires a sulfated Tyr at position 1 for high-affinity CCKAR binding; YFHRWDF has an unsulfated Tyr at its N-terminus yet still binds at 1.585 nM. This implies the peptide either mimics the sulfate interaction electrostatically via the His-Arg dipole (positions 3-4) or contacts a non-overlapping region of the orthosteric pocket. The boltz-2 complex ipTM of 0.972 is unusually high for a 7-mer, suggesting a well-defined pose exists. These two data points together raise the possibility that the binding mode is pharmacologically distinct from the natural hormone.
Why it matters
If YFHRWDF occupies a different subsite from sulfated CCK-8, it could act as a partial agonist or biased ligand, producing satiety signaling without the full spectrum of CCK-mediated effects (gallbladder contraction, pancreatic secretion), which would matter for any future appetite-modulation application.
Plausibility.70
Novelty.60
Impact.70
Basis · grounding3 computed/notes
[1]
noteIC50 1.585 nM at CCKAR in competitive radioligand displacement
[2]
sequenceN-terminal Tyr is unsulfated; His-Arg at positions 3-4 could provide partial electrostatic mimicry of the sulfate
[3]
structureboltz-2 complex ipTM=0.9724, indicating high-confidence modeled interface despite only 7 residues
openupdated 2026-06-05

Do two specific amino acids in the middle of this peptide substitute for the chemically delicate sulfate that the body's own hormone needs to work?

If true, chemists could design stable, easy-to-manufacture CCK-based drugs that do not degrade in blood the way the natural hormone does, opening the door to oral or long-acting therapies.

The hypothesis
The His-Arg dipole at positions 3-4 of YFHRWDF is the primary determinant of high CCKAR affinity, functioning as an electrostatic surrogate for the sulfate group of native CCK-8, and truncation or charge-reversal at these positions would cause a greater than 100-fold affinity loss.
Why it’s plausible
Native CCK requires sulfation of Tyr7 (CCK-8 numbering) for sub-nanomolar CCKAR binding; the sulfate group is a strong hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor and carries negative charge that contacts a specific basic pocket in CCKAR. YFHRWDF lacks sulfation but retains 1.585 nM affinity. The His-Arg pair at positions 3-4 introduces a basic dipole that could form compensating electrostatic contacts with the same CCKAR acidic residues normally engaged by sulfate, or alternatively could reposition the N-terminal Tyr to mimic the sulfated geometry. This is a non-obvious claim because most CCK fragment SAR literature treats the sulfate as irreplaceable for high affinity.
Why it matters
If confirmed, it would establish a general design rule for non-sulfated, metabolically stable CCKAR ligands, which are highly preferred over sulfopeptides for drug development because sulfate is labile in vivo.
Plausibility.55
Novelty.65
Impact.75
Basis · grounding3 computed/notes
[1]
sequenceHis at position 3, Arg at position 4, flanked by aromatic Tyr (1) and Trp (5), creating a basic aromatic cluster
[2]
structureboltz-2 ipTM=0.9724 suggests a confident interface pose where the His-Arg dipole could be visualized in contact with receptor
[3]
noteIC50 1.585 nM without sulfation, contrasting with the canonical requirement for sulfated Tyr in CCK pharmacology
openupdated 2026-06-05

Can this peptide prevent the body's own 'anti-opioid' signal from weakening painkiller effects over time?

If it works, patients on opioids for chronic pain might stay on lower doses for longer, reducing the risk of dose escalation and dependence.

The hypothesis
Because YFHRWDF was designed as the CCK arm of a trivalent opioid/CCK/melanocortin pain ligand, the isolated 7-mer fragment could suppress opioid-induced tolerance independently of opioid receptor engagement, given that endogenous CCK release during opioid use is a known anti-opioid mechanism that accelerates tolerance.
Why it’s plausible
The Hruby group rationale (readme) is that CCK acts as an anti-opioid system: CCK released during chronic opioid use opposes analgesia and drives tolerance. A high-affinity CCKAR agonist fragment like YFHRWDF could occupy CCKAR in a way that prevents endogenous CCK from amplifying anti-opioid signaling, or conversely, if it acts as an antagonist at a distinct subsite, it could block the tolerance-promoting CCK signal. Either mechanism is independent of the opioid receptor axis.
Why it matters
Opioid tolerance is a major driver of dose escalation and addiction risk. A non-opioid peptide that directly modulates the CCK component of the anti-opioid system would represent a mechanistically orthogonal adjunct to existing opioid therapy.
Plausibility.55
Novelty.60
Impact.75
Basis · grounding1 paper · 2 computed/notes
[1]
noteDesigned to address the CCK arm of the anti-opioid system in a trivalent pain ligand (Lee et al. 2010)
[2]
paper
Ligand binding at CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors assessed in transfected HEK293 cells
doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.078
[3]
sequence7-residue fragment has no opioid pharmacophore motifs (no Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe core), confirming CCK-selectivity of the fragment alone
openupdated 2026-06-05

Can this peptide trigger the 'I'm full' signal in the gut without causing the anxiety or panic that brain CCK receptors can produce?

A gut-selective CCK drug would be much safer for long-term use in obesity or post-meal pain, since it would control appetite or digestion without affecting mood or triggering panic attacks.

The hypothesis
YFHRWDF is selective for CCKAR over CCKBR (the brain-predominant CCK-2 receptor) because the Trp-Asp-Phe C-terminal triplet mimics the minimal CCK-8 pharmacophore required for CCKAR but not CCKBR selectivity, and this selectivity is preserved without sulfation, making the peptide a useful probe for dissecting peripheral versus central CCK biology.
Why it’s plausible
CCKAR and CCKBR have overlapping but distinct pharmacophore requirements. Native CCK-8 is non-selective, but many designed CCKAR-preferring ligands retain unsulfated Tyr tolerance at CCKAR while losing affinity at CCKBR. YFHRWDF's C-terminus ends in Phe, which is part of the minimal CCKAR-active sequence, and the readme notes the binding assay was specifically at CCK-1 (CCKAR). If CCKBR affinity is substantially lower, the peptide's peripheral action (gut, pancreas) would dominate over central effects, improving the therapeutic window for satiety applications.
Why it matters
CCKAR-selective ligands avoid the anxiety, nausea, and panic-attack side-effects associated with CCKBR activation in the brain, which is the key selectivity requirement for any appetite or pain CCK-based drug.
Plausibility.60
Novelty.40
Impact.70
Basis · grounding1 paper · 2 computed/notes
[1]
noteIC50 reported specifically for CCKAR; no CCKBR data mentioned, suggesting it was not the design target
[2]
paper
Both CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors were assessed in the broader study, implying selectivity profiling was possible
doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.078
[3]
sequenceC-terminal Phe (position 7) is conserved in CCKAR-active minimal sequences; no gastrin-like Glu-Glu motif present that would favor CCKBR
openupdated 2026-06-05

Do the three ring-shaped amino acids in this peptide force it into a stable shape that fits the receptor like a key and resists digestion?

Peptide drugs are often broken down too quickly in the body to be useful. If this natural rigidity can be reinforced with small chemical tweaks, it could become a stable, manufacturable drug candidate rather than just a lab tool.

The hypothesis
The aromatic triad Tyr-Trp-Phe spanning positions 1, 5, and 7 of YFHRWDF forms the hydrophobic core of a hairpin-like folded structure that is responsible for the high predicted interface confidence, and N-methylation or alpha-methyl substitution at the central Arg (position 4) would rigidify this scaffold and further improve metabolic stability without loss of CCKAR affinity.
Why it’s plausible
Three aromatic residues in a 7-mer (43% aromatic content) can form pi-stacking or CH-pi networks that impose conformational rigidity, a feature that correlates with high boltz-2 pLDDT (75.7, moderate-to-good) and very high ipTM (0.972) for such a short peptide. Conformationally pre-organized peptides typically show improved binding because they pay less entropic cost on binding. Alpha-methylation (Aib substitution) at Arg-4 would fix the backbone dihedral and reduce proteolytic susceptibility at this Arg, which is a common cleavage site for trypsin-like proteases in vivo.
Why it matters
If the aromatic scaffold is load-bearing, targeted backbone rigidification could convert this research compound into a protease-stable, high-affinity lead with in vivo half-life compatible with pharmaceutical development.
Plausibility.50
Novelty.55
Impact.60
Basis · grounding3 computed/notes
[1]
sequenceTyr1, Trp5, Phe7 constitute three of seven residues; His3 can also contribute CH-pi stacking, making four of seven residues aromatic or aromatic-capable
[2]
structureboltz-2 pLDDT=75.7 (moderate structured confidence) and ipTM=0.9724 (high interface confidence) together suggest a defined binding-competent conformation
[3]
notePeptide originated from a medicinal chemistry program explicitly focused on engineering multi-target ligands, indicating prior willingness to apply chemical modification
openupdated 2026-06-05

Could this peptide reduce the intense gallbladder squeezing that causes post-meal pain in some patients?

Millions of people suffer from painful gallbladder spasms without a good drug option. If this peptide can gently blunt those contractions, it could spare patients from unnecessary gallbladder removal surgery.

The hypothesis
YFHRWDF could suppress post-meal gallbladder pain (biliary colic) in patients with CCK hypersensitivity by acting as a competitive partial agonist that blunts the gallbladder contractile response to endogenous CCK surges, since CCKAR mediates gallbladder contraction and low-efficacy CCKAR ligands are known to reduce contractile amplitude by receptor occupancy competition.
Why it’s plausible
CCKAR drives gallbladder contraction; in functional gallbladder disorder (biliary dyskinesia) and some post-cholecystectomy syndromes, exaggerated or dysregulated CCK signaling causes pain. A nanomolar-affinity CCKAR ligand with potentially partial agonist character (arising from its non-native binding mode and small size) could occupy CCKAR during meals, competing with endogenous CCK and reducing peak contractile response. This is a repurposing hypothesis distinct from the pain/satiety applications the peptide was designed for.
Why it matters
Functional gallbladder disorders affect millions and have no approved drug therapy beyond surgery; a CCKAR-targeting peptide could fill this gap.
Plausibility.40
Novelty.60
Impact.60
Basis · grounding3 computed/notes
[1]
noteCCKAR mediates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion in addition to satiety
[2]
sequenceShort 7-mer is unlikely to fully recapitulate the full agonist efficacy of 8-residue CCK-8, raising the possibility of partial agonism
[3]
structureHigh ipTM (0.9724) suggests stable receptor engagement consistent with competitive occupancy
details expand to inspect
full evidence table1 metrics
metricvaluetool
IC50 1.585 nM GPCRDB/ChEMBL
structural qualityopenfold3
metricvaluenote
gpde0.984global PDE — lower = better
disorderNaNfraction disordered
3-letter notation
Tyr-Phe-His-Arg-Trp-Asp-Phe
recipeboltz-2 1.0
parametervalue
modelboltz-2 1.0
weights
hardwarenvidia_nim_api
mlx version
python
random seed
msa strategynone
diffusion samples1
runtime
predicted bymlx@peptide
predicted at2026-04-24
citationbibtex
peptidemodel (2026). Gut-fullness receptor research peptide (YFHRWDF) (pep-10308, v1). PeptideModel. https://peptidemodel.com/card/pep-10308
@peptide{pep10308,
  sequence = {YFHRWDF},
  target   = {cckar},
  author   = {peptidemodel},
  year     = {2026},
  status   = {bioassayed}
}
related peptides 3 by signal overlap
clinical trials 0 trials · checked 2026-05-22
0
no registered clinical trials as of 2026-05-22; we'll re-check periodically
references 1 papers
discussion no comments
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peptidemodel.com CC-BY-SA-4.0 research only · not for human use